Food and Society

The relationship between food and society require special attention. Food come first, no food no life, this is a fact, and nothing can be possible with out food. Society is a group of people related to each other through perseverance relations such as status, roles and social network. In pre-industrial societies, food production is carried out through the use of human and animal labour which is the main economic activities. Industrial revolution in 19th century brought the incredible changes.The most important invention was a railway which has put an unbelievable impact on different societies. The railway makes feasible the movement of people and transports the goods from one city to another even from country to country. This makes possible the food that had previously never been seen or heard of became available to most of the people. Most of the societies rely on the food transport and production, then those societies can be divided according to their level of technology and their method of production.The study of food and society is gradually increasing which is recognised to be one that can make a significant contribution to our understanding of the context with in which the production and consumption of commercial food and beverages takes place. The provision of food and beverages forms a part of the activities of the hospitality industry. However the hospitality industry subject area, there is just a small number of texts that cover the field. As an alternative of texts and resources that can contribute relevant theoretical frameworks to support the study of food and society are to be found in a number of fields of study.

Evaporationin Our Daily Life Essay

In a society based only on materialistic possessions, sometimes we overlook even the simplest of things, and the most valuable to our survival as a human race and as a planet. Everywhere around us people envy great architects and artists because of their remarkable creations. Though, we, as a human race disregard the importance of less tangible commodities, developed by the greatest artist ever, Mother Nature. She has given us the most magnificent and staggering artwork imaginable, our environment. But only through the most convoluted processes have these masterpieces been created. From humans to flowers and everything in between, a thorough process is behind everything. Before birth, for example, human must grow and develop through their three trimesters. Also before a plant is full-grown, it must first mature and survive as a seedling. Because although living creatures may be the most evident of Mother Nature’s creations, there may be more to it. Life is only possible in a suitable environment. On earth, that environment is created by our weather dynamics. Weather dynamics is the study of how the motion of water and air cause weather patterns. Our Global weather systems are reflections of our atmosphere and its make up. Weather systems react to the temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. These three control systems are affected by one simple process, evaporation. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid water directly into its vapor or gaseousstate. Through evaporation, water from the surface is transferred straight into the atmosphere. Worldwide, evaporation is usually seen as the moderator of weather. Evaporation controls cloud cover, surface temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. All of these factors depend on the rate of evaporation and the differentiation in the rate of evaporation allows for the diverse climate conditions, which we see around the world each day. This leads us to the question that must be answered, to know and understand the factors that affect the rate of evaporation. Through extensive thought and calibration we have found that the six factors, which effect evaporation are temperature, surface area, humidity, presence of foreign particles, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed. The first and most important factor that affects evaporation is temperature. Temperature is the measure of the average amount of energy in the particles of a particular substance. Many people are probably already aware that when water boils, it will evaporate into the air as a vapor or gas until there is no liquid left in that particular container. This is true, because liquids achieve the peak level of evaporation when heated to their boiling point. What few realize though, is that as temperature decreases, there is still evaporation, the amount occurring at any given time though, does decrease with the temperature. The reason why temperature affects evaporation is fairly simple to understand when referring to the collision model. In the collision model, it states that in order to increase the rate of any reaction you must either increase the number of collisions, or increase the fraction of collisions that are effective. Increasing the temperature allows the rate of evaporation to increase through two methods. First of all, in a true, constant environment, temperature of the water, and temperature of the surrounding air usually is fairly similar, so variations of surrounding temperatures do not often change the temperature of the water. But, by increasing the temperature of the water, it gives molecules more kinetic energy. This allows more molecules to break through or escape into the atmosphere by increasing the number of collisions with air particles. This raise in the temperature also increases the effectiveness of each collision by granting more molecules the activation energy required to escape into the surrounding air, therefore increasing the rate of evaporation significantly. Temperature is most likely the number one factor when looking at evaporation in relation to rainfall around the world. But aside from Temperature, many other factors are recognized as affecting the rate of evaporation. The second factor, which we believe, plays a role in the rate at which evaporation occurs is surface area. Surface area of a liquid could be defined as the area or amount of water which in constant contact with the atmosphere. Surface area plays a large role in our weather systems, as shown  by our oceans. Our oceans our widely exposed to the atmosphere and have a large surface area. This in turn allows them to produce most of the moisture in the air through evaporation. The change in the rate of evaporation by surface area is evident for all eyes in the proceeding experiments later in this report. The effect that surface area has on evaporation can be explained using the example from the understanding concepts question #1 on page 535. In this question it states that one litre of water is placed into each a pie plate and a jar. They were both placed into the same room and were given time to evaporate. Our prediction is that the water in the pie plate would evaporate quicker, assuming its opening was wider than the jar. This would be because of the difference in surface area. In this case as in every other increase in evaporation due to surface area increase, it can be explained by one simple fact. Allowing the two reactants (air and water) to contact more of each other will increase the rate of reaction. This occurs because of the increase in the number of collisions occurring between the two substances, according to the collision model, will increase the rate of reaction. The third instance where we believe the evaporation rate would change is with the fluctuation of relative humidity. Humidity is defined as the amount of water vapor in a defined space relative to the amount of air present. Humidity can be used to explain question #5 on page 235, why people who are in Arizona at 33 degrees Celsius feel more comfortable than people at the same temperature in Toronto do. The general population usually does not like the heavy feeling of moisture in the air and in Toronto, humidity is much higher than in the dry state of Arizona, which explains the comfort variation. Also, in reference to question #3 on the same page, humidity would affect the evaporation of these lakes. And in all instances, humidity strongly affects the rate of evaporation of any body of water. Unfortunately, although we, as a group, were not able to test our hypothesis because of lack of materials, we feel that we can strongly support it with scientific  fact. Directly, humidity fills the space in between air particles with water vapor. Because these spaces are filled, now there is less room in the surrounding environment for water molecules escaping from the water. In turn, the increase in humidity will decrease the rate of evaporation by â€Å"raising the bar† for the amount of activation energy that any given particle needs to escape into the atmosphere. This decreases the effectiveness of collisions in the physical change of evaporation occurring here. On the other hand though, a decrease in the amount of moisture in the air will increase the rate of evaporation by increasing the effectiveness of collisions in particles trying to escape into the atmosphere. In short, humidity plays an important role in evaporation worldwide. The next factor that affects evaporation is the presence of foreign particles, and the most predominant, salt. Water, as we know, is rarely found pure which is why we conducted this experiment. As presented by question #4 on page 535, we pondered whether salt water or fresh water would evaporate faster. Our conclusion that we reached is that fresh water would evaporate quicker. First of all, salt water is not a chemical combination; therefore, no properties, such as, the boiling point would change by a great amount. Salt water though, does have a slower rate of evaporation because it reduces the amount of water particles that have access to the air. With less water molecules able to reach the air, fewer particles have a chance of escaping. This is true and is supported by the collision model, because in the model, as in this example, the reduction in the collisions between particles causes the rate of evaporation to recess. But, salt content is not the only factor that has an affect on the rate of evaporation of water. Also, Atmospheric pressure has a great affect on the rate of evaporation. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure that air exerts upon objects as it is pulled, by gravity, towards the center of the earth. And although, due to lack of material limitations we could not conduct this experiment, we believe atmospheric pressure has an affect on evaporation similar to that of humidity. With a greater pressure, air molecules are packed closer together and there is less space between them. Then, like humidity, a greater atmospheric pressure â€Å"raises the bar† and activation energy needed for water  molecules to escape into the atmosphere and surrounding air. This â€Å"raise† reduces the effectiveness of collisions with the air and therefore, reduces the rate of evaporation when atmospheric pressure is greater. Generally, this explains why high-pressure systems are associated with no or little cloud cover. There is little moisture in the air to form clouds and provide our nic e clear day. The sixth and final factor that affects the rate of evaporation is wind speed or the presence of wind. Wind is generally associated with the horizontal movement of air, as a type of advection. As asked in question #2 on page 535, increase in the speed or amount of wind, increases the evaporation of a liquid. These can be explained by using our experiment with the vacuum hood. As water evaporates, the humidity of the air increases because the spaces between air particles are becoming filled with water molecules. As we have learned, leaving these particles in the air increases humidity and subsequently reduce the rate of evaporation, the opposite affect of which we want. What wind does, is it blows the water particles away from the surface of the water allowing more room for particles to evaporate into the atmosphere. The second way that wind helps to increase the rate of evaporation is it lowers the atmospheric pressure exerted on the water. According to Bernoulli’s principle, when the speed of the air is high, the pressure is low, and when the speed of the air is low, the pressure is high. Wind increase the speed of the air, and in turn, lowers the pressure on the surface of the water. This, combined with the significant drop in humidity â€Å"lowers the bar† of activation energy required by water molecules to escape into the atmosphere and increases the rate of evaporation by increasing the effectiveness of the particles that are trying to escape into the vapor in the air. All in all, weather makes life possible, but one of the most predominant forces in the complexity of weather is the process of evaporation. And  although, this process is overlooked by many, it is valued and recognized as an important process in sustaining life by all members of our group. With 80% of all water coming from saltwater oceans, factors that affect evaporation must be studied in order to utilize this natural purifying process to our advantage. By studying temperature, surface area, humidity, presence of foreign particles, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed, we may some day do what Mother Nature has been doing for centuries, use evaporation to our advantage. And as a group, individuals in a worldwide community, I could only imagine the possibilities if everyone was informed about our weather. Because what some take for granted now, may not be there when we need it, in the end, necessary for survival.

Summary of 3 topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Summary of 3 topics - Essay Example It is supported by the claim of providing the examples and practical elementary facts related to how the established forces and agents of the American automobile industry played their roles in reducing the spectrum and scope of electric car and in return led to its subsequent failure. The cause and claim for developing electric car gained impetus and demand in the early 1990s when people demanded introduction of the new form of automobiles that would not add to the already threatened environment and the constraints that are faced by it. Owing to the public demand and the requirements the director of the movie Chris Paine undertook the investigative strategy and study in bid to expose all the ingredients and factors that did not let it flourish. A certain segment and monopoly has been said to be responsible for the non flourishing of the possible solution to the global oil consumption, global environment threats and other costs and economic considerations and constraints subjected with the usage of the fuel supported automobiles that are largely in place at present. The movie in the form of documentary and given an account of the ground facts that dominate and dictate the terms of the modern day automobile industries as well as the factors that are impeding the growth and introduction of the electric cars. The director of the movie has invested considerable research into the movie with aims of providing the customers with the real objectives and reasons why the technology could not flourish. The documentary made quite a stir with regard to its subject and the message conveyed through it. The directional features and other angles of the good movie making and the essentials required for a movie are fulfilled and based on this the move has won number of awards in terms of the critics and directional specialties. The movie rightly points out to the objects and the leads in the modern day that are obstructing the growth of this technology

Corporate business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Corporate business management - Essay Example political, economic, and social implications that change will result to also needs to be identified and enumerated to ensure the success and development of the organization as well as the welfare of the general public. Moreover, it is the hospital’s management philosophy that seeks to integrate all organizational functions such as marketing, finance, design, engineering, production, customer service, and others to focus on meeting patients needs and organizational objectives (Hashmi, 2000). A considerable number of companies have developed into an essential part of the period of global competition, increasing development, improved business paradigms, and corporate reorganization. The continuing transformation from the traditional industrial framework with its hierarchical companies to a worldwide, knowledge-founded financial system and intelligent corporations necessitates human resource purposes to realign and relocate itself. The development of Lean Quality Management System of the hospital is one of the quality management approaches that address the business setting at present. It was developed to (1) save thousands of dollars each year by avoiding the waste associated with a paper quality system, (2) harness the creativity of employees while maintaining control of their projects, (3) perform tasks that are clearly assigned, defined, communicated and focused, (4) spend less time managing the quality system and more time improving the value stream, (5) reduce training costs by integrating procedures with training, (6) provide a management system that provides the who, what and when, and (7) provide the metrics to drive your organization to ever-higher levels of performance and success which works just as well for small as large companies (Lean Software Quality Management). Perhaps, the hospital may want to initiate a management system and strategy that could maintain the organization’s capability, strength and competitiveness. It is important that the

Euthanasia and Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Euthanasia and Abortion - Essay Example ed, it is rather natural to think that people have a complete control of their body and might make any decisions regardless of the opinion of others, including the government. However, there are two situations, namely euthanasia and abortion, which present obstacles on the way of exercising one’s right to bodily autonomy. This paper will argue that the same level of control should be granted to a person in the above mentioned cases. First of all, it may be logical to analyze the idea that favors this approach with regard to euthanasia. Thus, the supporterd point out that the ideas of passive and active euthanasia are very different and â€Å"the process of being ‘allowed to die’ can be relatively slow and painful, whereas being given a lethal injection is relatively quick and painless† (Rachels 2). There is no doubt that no person in the world would like to experience pain for a long time, but would prefer a quick and painless death instead. As a result, euthanasia should be regarded as a logical exercise of one’s bodily autonomy since it reflects the desire of a person. In other words, people should be granted such a right since this will be beneficial for them. Secondly, the concept of bodily autonomy is closely connected to a larger concept of self determination which is essential for any person who lives in a society. It is suggested that â€Å"in exercising self-determination people take responsibility for their lives† (Brock 11). This means that they may be responsible for continuing it or end it at will. In other words, if the law forbids a person to end his or her live, one is deprived of an essential right that makes life incomplete. Indeed, right to life is universally recognized, but the backside of it, namely right to death is still under the scrutiny of the society. It must be noted that recognition of euthanasia as an illegal action should be regarded as a limit that is placed on person’s bodily autonomy. Therefore, it should be eliminated

The Benefits of Greater Direct NGO Participation in International Law Assignment

The Benefits of Greater Direct NGO Participation in International Law Formulation - Assignment Example This postulation continues that many issues such as energy and climate do not only affect people locally, but are yet to be tackled at the federal level of governance also. This has left states with no recourse to leading the way towards inventing innovative policies. In this case, it is the federal government that will catch up with the progress that these states have made. California’s tailpipe emission serves as an apt exemplification of this battle for primacy. Unlike other states, California has an autonomous air regulatory agency, the 1967 California Air Resource Board (CARB). Recently, the federal government updated its CAFÉ standards as a way of harmonizing its environmental operations with CARB. States are using CARB as an example that validates the feasibility of supremacy of states (Baker, 2010). Another political reason being advanced is that states are autonomous and as such; when it comes to serious matters, states should act decisively in areas that house th eir interests. This is especially the case after it has been established that the federal government has failed to act in favor of a state’s interests. ... One of the benefits is that when a country such as the US acts by proxies like NGOs, the laws being vouched for can be easily accepted. This is in total contrast to direct participation by powerful countries such as the US. The veracity behind this development above is seen in the fact that America’s direct participation in formulation, interpretation and enforcement of international law is always perceived as being geared towards sociopolitical and economic hegemony. The case is not any different in the event that the US attempts to achieve these ends through the United Nations (UN) since America is known to contribute over 75% of the UN budget, and thereby having an inordinate sway therein. The same case will apply to international organizations such as the Breton Wood Institutions; World Bank and the IMF. The international community sees these two institutions as America’s conduit for extending its political and economic hegemony. Conversely, by using NGOs to marshal support for the formulation, interpretation and enforcement of certain laws, the US will realize greater efficiency. This is because, NGOs are better placed to demand accountability from state and non-state actors, since NGOs: liaise with the government; fund the government; and create employment opportunities. Because of this close acquaintance with the locals, NGOs can also participate not only in the formulation, interpretation and enforcement of a given law, but also in the domestication of the same. This scenario is aptly exemplified in America’s noble quest to have other countries pass terrorism laws, or the Antiterrorism Bill. According to Gordenker and Weiss (1995), the only tradeoffs that will emanate from involvement through the NGOs

Assignment 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Coursework Example b. Bridget should first of all arrive at a figure as per her limited income as to the maximum amount she can spend on food. Next, she must determine the various amounts of utility derived from wine and cheese at various levels of consumption units. This will give requisite information as to the levels of consumption for both wine and cheese, where the marginal utility per dollar spent for both will be equal. This will give the combination of utility maximizing quantities. Applied problem 1.As per the given problem (Thomas & Maurice, 2011, pp. 204-232), USA today does not agree with the analyst that a raise in unit price of the paper from 50 to 75 cents will bring in an additional $65 million revenue. In this case, the analyst is assuming that the demand for paper is relatively inelastic and increasing price will not cause the sales of copies to drop. However, the USA today itself, citing the example of Wall street Journal, rejects this observation. It does so based on the observation that the sales of wall street journal dropped sharply after an increase in the price per unit. In doing so, the paper assumes that Price elasticity of demand for the paper is the same as that of Wall street journal. In doing so, it implicitly assumes that the demand for the paper is highly price elastic. Applied problem 1.As per the given problem (Thomas & Maurice, 2011, pp. 243-276) , the Wilpen company, is a price setting firm, which estimates its U.S. demand for Tennis balls using the following linear equation: Where, Q is the number of cans of Tennis Balls sold quarterly, P is the wholesale price of a can of tennis balls, M is the consumers’ average household income and Pr is the average price of tennis Rackets. Based on the given information, a. The Parameter a, which is the Y intercept for the regression line for the function. As per the computer output given, the value of

Is There a Soul Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is There a Soul - Assignment Example Firstly, other than the physical matter that differentiates one individual from the other or one living thing from the other, what exactly differentiates one individual from everyone else, or one living things from all the other living thins of the same species?   Secondly, what exactly feels the pain, sorrow, and sadness on the event of the loss of a loved one through death? The attempt to answer these two questions simply points to the existence of a distinct non-physical matter component of the living things that makes the living things distinct from the other members of their species, and which experiences the pain of loss through death (Bishop, 2000).  Further, if two individuals are born as identical twins and brought up in the same environment, observing the same behavior and mannerisms, there will still exist some aspects that make each of the two identical twins distinct from each other. Thus, the distinct non-physical and non-matter element of humans and other living th ings, which gives each individual living thing the â€Å"I-factor†, makes it unique from all the rest. This individual element of consciousness that makes an individual distinct from all the rest is essentially defined as the soul (Klemp, 2009). In this respect, the soul represents the irreducible element of consciousness, which makes it impossible for scientists to make any form of life in the laboratory by mixing any of the non-living matter. The simple fact that life stems from life and never from the non-living matter, is a clear demonstration of the fact that there is some aspect of the non-physical matter that holds the essence of life, which in itself is the soul.

Depend on writter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Depend on writter - Research Paper Example m to be an easy task looking at it casually but it entails making creative and strategic decisions aimed at outdoing other competitors and at the same time playing around with the psychology of the targeted consumers in order to develop their minds towards accepting the product (Gobe 2001, 51). To achieve this goal, an effective advertising campaign should involve an account planner, who can be described as a person with extensive training, and experience as well as an expert in acquiring information and utilizing it in a professional manner to maximize the results. This essay is a critical evaluation of the roles of an account planner, aimed at convincing a client on why he should involve one on the agency team for his brand. Advertising as discussed herein is a process that requires high coordination of activities so that a smooth running is achieved in achieving the desired results. It is not possible for everyone in the marketing department to wake up and go to the society to introduce a product without first having to acquire information and views of the targeted market group. This is where the role of the account planner comes in. To begin with, he has the responsibility of conducting research and processing the raw data acquired, so that he can be in a position to add quality to the marketing events long before they take place. According to Steel, going out to advertise without first of all conducting research is equivalent to a pilot flying or a person walking without exactly knowing where he or she is going (Steel 1998, 33). By so doing, he would be wasting a lot of time finding way to his destination or even fail to reach it. This is important in that it helps to identify areas or regions that r equire more attention than others. For example, if the mode of advertising is through road shows, it is almost impossible and costly to crisscross the whole country for example. What he does is that he goes out ahead collecting data for example in areas that are

The Criminal Justice System Essay Example for Free

The Criminal Justice System Essay America imprisons 756 inmates per 100,000 residents, a rate nearly five times the worlds average. About one in every 31 adults in this country is in jail or on supervised release. Either we are the most evil people on earth or we are doing something very wrong. (Webb, 2009, p. 4) This paper will look at basic criminal law, the reasons for lives of crime, a brief outline of the modern criminal justice system, and its future. Criminal LawCriminal law seeks to protect the public from harm by inflicting punishment upon those who have already done harm and by threatening with punishment those who are tempted to do harm. Most people accept that there are consequences for criminal conduct. The consequences are generally unpleasant and take away from the law breaker either his liberty or his property. One purpose of criminal law is to respond to harmful acts committed by individuals. However, each type of law provides different responses. A person who acts in a way that is considered harmful to society in general may be prosecuted by the government in a criminal case. If the individual is convicted (found guilty) of the crime, he or she will be punished under criminal law by a fine, imprisonment, or death. Once someone is found guilty of a crime, either a felony or a misdemeanor, punishment is imposed. The reasons for punishing law breakers are varied, and in some instances the reason may vary with the crime. Each reason has its own purpose, with the principal reasons being: Deterrence, Incapacitation, Retribution, and Rehabilitation. (Davenport, 2009)DeterrenceImposing a penalty for a criminal act is also intended to deter that person from repeating the act. If the penalty is significant enough, the law breaker will think twice before doing it again. Also, when the penalties are well known and there is public dissemination of penalties for a particular crime, it is expected that others who might contemplate the crime would be deterred from engaging in the prohibited activity. (Clarkson, 2005, p. 38) When there is a trial, sentencing, and punishment imposed, there is often a lot of publicity. This publicity is part of the deterrent factor in imposing a criminal penalty. Deterrence is frequently an  argument used to support the death penalty. IncapacitationJail or prison terms generally lengthen with the seriousness of the crime. The longer sentences serve as both revenge and deterrence, and also can serve another purpose. The longer a person is in custody, the less opportunity that person has to commit new crimes. This is particularly true of repeat offenders, which is why there has been a movement toward laws known as three strikes which impose long prison terms or even life sentences on individuals with multiple convictions. When an offender has not been deterred by prior penalties, protection of potential victims from that offender becomes an important consideration. Long jail or prison terms for individuals with multiple DUIs are becoming common as a protection for society. At some point it is in societys best interest to protect itself by certifying that a dangerous person is unable to harm others and incapacitation through custody serves that interest. (Farrington, 2003)RetributionA crime is considered an act that not only injures the specific victim, but also harms society at large. (Davenport, 2009, p. 12) A persons harmful acts may outrage the society as a whole. This gives rise to a desire for revenge, and punishing the criminal tends to satisfy that need. Additionally, having a person punished by society provides some measure of revenge for the specific victim of the act. If society provides an adequate punishment, the need for an individual to seek revenge personally is diminished and provides incentive to seek retribution through law enforcement. (Davenport, 2009)RehabilitationThere is also a value that every human life has meaning and worth, that there is a spark of good in everyone, even those who have chosen to break the laws of society. With that thought in mind, places that were previously known as jail or prison have become Departments of Correction. Some rehabilitation may come from within a person who is incarcerated. Criminals who are imprisoned may evaluate their actions and reshape their behavior so that when their liberty is restored they are able to readjust to  the boundaries of the law. Often programs are offered to offenders to assist in dealing with certain problems. Participation in programs such as drug and alcohol counseling or domestic violence education serves to potentially rehabilitate an individual. Involvement in such programs is often a condition of either continued freedom or reduction of jail time. (Davenport, 2009, p. 41)Justification for criminal punishment is not mutually exclusive. A particular punishment may advance several goals at the same time. A term of imprisonment, for example, may serve to incapacitate the offender, deter others in society from committing similar acts, and, at the same time, provide an opportunity for rehabilitative treatment of the offender. On the other hand, the goals of punishment may at times conflict. Retribution and deterrence call for the infliction of unpleasant experiences upon the criminal, including harsh prison treatment; but the prison environment may not be conducive to, or may even defeat, rehabilitation. Some offenders may even learn to become better criminals while incarcerated. Criminal CareersWhy do criminals pursue careers in crime? To understand the life of a career criminal we must first look at some Historical Backgrounds and Criminal Career Patterns. Historical BackgroundsThere are many theories as to why criminal activity occurs. The classical school theory has five basic concepts. One; everyone has free will. This means that a person chooses to do right or wrong. It also states that the two main determinates of human behavior are pleasure and pain. This theory also states that crime is immoral because of the bond that the act puts between the individual and their society. Also, that punishment is a necessary evil that can keep violators from repeating the crimes and sets examples for others. Finally they believe crime prevention helps to offset the gains of criminal behavior. (Davenport, 2009)Criminal Career PatternsThere appear to be ten widely accepted conclusions about the development of offending (Farrington, 2003):1 The age of onset of offending is most typically between ages 8 and 14, earlier with self-report data and later with official records, while the age of desistance from offending is  typically between 20 and 29 (though a small subset of offenders continue well into adulthood). 2 The prevalence of offending peaks in the late teenage years: between ages 15 and 19. 3 An early age of onset predicts a relatively long criminal career duration and the commission of relatively more offenses. 4 There is marked continuity in offending and antisocial behavior from childhood to the teenage years and adulthood. In other words, there is relative stability of the ordering of people on some measure of antisocial behavior over time, and people who commit relatively many offenses during one age range have a high probability of also committing relatively many offenses during a later age range. 5 A small fraction of the population (chronic offenders) commit a large fraction of all crimes; chronic offenders tend to have an early onset, a high individual offending frequency, and a long criminal career. 6 Offending is more versatile than specialized; violent offenders in particular appear to offend frequently in other kinds of offenses. 7 The types of acts defined as offenses are elements of a larger syndrome of antisocial behavior that includes heavy drinking, reckless driving, promiscuous sex, and so forth. 8 It appears that, as people enter adulthood, they change from group to lone offending. In fact, most offenses up to the late teenage years are committed with others, whereas most offenses from age 20 onward are committed alone. 9 The reasons given for offending up to the late teenage years are quite variable, including excitement/enjoyment, boredom, and/or emotional or utilitarian reasons. From age 20 onward, utilitarian motives become increasingly dominant. 10 Different types of offenses tend to be first committed at distinctively different ages. This sort of progression is such that shoplifting tends to be committed before burglary, burglary before robbery, and so forth. In general, diversification increases up to age 20; but after age 20, diversification decreases and specialization increases. Analysis of criminal careers has great value. Understanding why or how offenders get involved in a life of crime can lead to policies and procedures that can prevent criminal careers from developing. I have asked offenders in the prison I work in why they did their crime. Most answered that they needed money, some were gang related, and others done out of fits of rage. Most of them thought they would not get caught while some others just did not care or showed no remorse those are the scary ones. The Criminal Justice SystemThe criminal justice system has three component subsystems, they are: Police, Courts, and Corrections (Schmalleger, 2007). PoliceThe first step in the criminal justice system is the police officers or federal agents. When a crime is committed the police investigate the crime scene and if the suspect is still present they arrest the person. The police officer must always read the suspect his/her rights before questioning. During the questioning the suspect has the right to refuse to answer any questions at anytime during the questioning and ask for a lawyer. If the suspect is not at the scene of a crime, after an investigation the police will make a report and a judge or magistrate will issue a warrant for the suspects arrest. After an arrest the suspect is booked. This is a process where he/she has a picture taken, finger printed, and personal information is recorded (Schmalleger, 2007). CourtsThe prosecutors office becomes involved after an arrest. The information that is collected at the scene of the crime is turned over to the prosecutions office so they can determine if enough evidence exists for a conviction. It is not a good idea for a prosecutor to be involved in the beginning of an investigation because the defense counsel does not have the  opportunity till after they are either hired by the defendant or appointed one to them. The defense attorney is not involved in a criminal case until he/she is appointed or hired by the defendant. They cannot be involved prior to an indictment or arrest. At a preliminary hearing the defense attorney will hear the evidence presented and then determine if the evidence presented by the prosecution is strong enough for a plea bargain or a trial (Schmalleger, 2007). A judge or magistrates function begins with issuing a warrant if one is needed. A warrant is needed only if the criminal has not already been arrested. After a criminal defendant has been arrested, he/she is brought before a judge for a first appearance. This is when the judge will inform the defendant of the charges brought against him/her, read the defendant his/her rights again, and sometimes provide the defendant the opportunity to make bail. The next step for the criminal defendant is the preliminary hearing. During the preliminary hearing a judge will determine if there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed and if there is enough evidence to show the defendant committed the crime. This is when the prosecution presents the evidence to the judge and the defendant has the right to hire an attorney or if he/she cannot afford one the court will appoint the defendant a defense attorney (Schmalleger, 2007). The first appearance for a criminal defendant before the court that has the authority to conduct a trial, is called an arraignment (Schmalleger, 2007, p. 18). In this process the judge will hear the information (charges) and read it to the defendant, and again his/her rights are read to him/her by the judge. This is when the criminal defendant will enter a plea of either; not guilty, guilty, or no contest (Schmalleger, 2007). CorrectionsOffenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after the accused has been found guilty. Depending on the sentence, offenders will serve their time either in a jail or a prison. Jail is where you are held until you are sentenced. Jails are maintained by  municipalities or counties, and are generally used for incarceration sentences of less than one year. In most states, jail is for pre-trial detention for those who cannot raise bail (if bail is available), and also for post-conviction detention of those convicted on misdemeanor charges, which are defined as those convictions carrying a sentence of a year or less. Jails are generally run by counties, and every countys system will be different. Prisons are maintained by states or the federal government, and are used for sentences longer than one year. Prison is for post-conviction only, and is exclusively for felony convictions, that is, those charges with a sentence of a year or more. Prisons are operated by a states department of corrections (or equivalent agency), and tend to be more standardized; manning them are corrections officers from a statewide pool. The FutureLocal, state, and federal spending on corrections adds up to about $68 billion a year. Our overcrowded, ill managed prison systems are places of violence, physical abuse, and hate, making them breeding grounds that perpetuate and magnify the same types of behavior that they are intended to prevent. (Webb, 2009) One way that we can reverse this trend is through privatization. Corporations can bring more effective management and turn a tax drain into a profitable business. This can be done by employing the inmates as labor and giving them job skills at the same time. Another way we can reduce costs and prison overcrowding is by legalization and decriminalization of certain drugs. Drug offenders, most of them passive users or minor dealers, are swamping our prisons. According to data supplied to Congress Joint Economic Committee, those imprisoned for drug offenses rose from 10% of the inmate population to approximately 33% between 1984 and 2002. Experts estimate that this increase accounts for about half of the dramatic escalation in the total number imprisoned over that period. Justice statistics also show that 47.5% of all the drug arrests in our country in 2007 were for marijuana offenses. Additionally, nearly 60% of the people in state prisons serving time for a drug offense had no history of violence or of any significant selling activity. We need to save prisons and jails for  the more violent offenders. It is time to change the law. As a Correctional Officer, I have witnessed firsthand the results of the modern legal system. While there is clearly a lot of progress to be made there is also many educational and vocational programs available to offenders. The largest obstacle to their reform, however, is that the offender has to want to change. He must develop a conscious and be aware of the harm he has inflicted upon others. More importantly, he must have a desire to live productively, peacefully, and within the laws of society. References Clarkson, C. (2005). Understanding Criminal Law. London: Sweet Maxwell Ltd. Conklin, J. (2009). Criminology. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Davenport, A. (2009). Basic Criminal Law: The Constitution, Procedure, and Crimes. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Press. Farrington, D. (2003). Evidence-based Crime Prevention. New York: Routledge PressSchmalleger, F. (2007). Criminal Justice Today. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall Publishing. Webb, J. (2009, March 29). Whats Wrong With Our Prisons? Parade, 4-5.

Three Pinned Portal Frame

Three Pinned Portal Frame This report found that plot 400 has many dead loads, live / imposed loads and wind loads in action on the buildings portal frame. The building has a simple 3 pinned portal frame / arch structure which have been designed to resist all loads that are applicable. The building also has structural actions and different modes of collapse which act upon the supporting columns, rafter beams and supporting main beams of the portal frame. The diagrams that have been produced illustrate how the different structural sections deform and how they would fail in the event of a mod of collapse, for example torsion, shear, fatigue or even compression. The building has also been sketched and CAD drawings provided along with photographs of both the inside and outside structure which can be seen in appendix 4 of the report. This report has also listed the clients functional and spatial requirements and the applicable governing legislation which controls the design and use of buildings in England and Wales. Contents Page. Page No. 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Brief 4 3.0 Structure Appraisal 3.1 Site Location 5 3.2 Building Function 6 3.3 Building Regulations 7 3.4 Building Drawings 8 3.5 Loadings 9 16 3.6 Structural Actions 17 24 3.7 Structural Stability 25 26 3.8 Deformation and Mode of Collapse 27 31 4.0 Conclusion 32 33 5.0 Bibliography 34 6.0 References 35 7.0 Appendix 7.1 Appendix 1 Site Location Plan 37 7.2 Appendix 2 Schedule of Drawings 38 7.3 Appendix 3 Schedule of Photographs 39 7.4 Appendix 4 Photographs 40 Introduction. Buildings today are built to accommodate many different processes and purposes within the built environment. When a building is at the feasibility stage, many key items must be considered to ensure that the building which is delivered to the client meets all the functional requirements and is built in accordance with all the relevant legislation which governs the construction industry and the built environment. Some of the key design parameters would be:- Spatial requirements Materials used Underlying use of building Method of Construction Finishes Location Size Maintenance Considerations Access and Use Planning restrictions This report will identify a building and investigate the design and comment on how the design meets the functional requirements for which it has been constructed. Additional details such as drawings, photographs and sketches will also be provided to support this report. Brief This report has been produced to appraise a given structure. The structure that has been chosen is Plot 400 at Ascot Drive, Derby in the East Midlands. The building will be identified and suitable location plans will be provided for the site. The buildings purpose will be explained in relation to its functional requirements and sketches and drawings will be provided to detail the building. These drawings will be provided by hand and also by auto computer aided design technology. Having described the building and its function, this report will then identify several different loads that the buildings portal frame must withstand with descriptions on how this portal frame is designed to resist such loads. Many different structural actions are in force within the buildings main portal frame and load bearing elements, mainly:- Tension Compression Shear Bending Shell action Plate action Joints Arches Suspension beams Truss rafters Having described these structural actions the report will then discuss how Plot 400 is designed and constructed to resist any overturning against dead loads, wind loads and fire conditions. Finally sketches will be produced to show how the main load bearing elements of Plot 400 could deform under the action of several different loads, should the structure not be designed correctly to resist these loads and different modes of collapse or other possible failures will be described. Conclusions will be made on the reports findings and the report will include appended drawings and a photograph schedule. 3.0 Structural Appraisal 3.1 Site Location The proposed building is located in Derby within the East Midlands. The full site address is:- Plot 400 Ascot Business Park Longbridge Lane Derby Derbyshire DE24 Site location plans can be seen in appendix 1 which shows Plot 400 in relation to plots, 100, 250, and 550 off Longbridge Lane. Appendix 1 also shows views from satellites and road location maps. < www.multimaps.com> Photographs of Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 4. 3.2 Building Function The building at Derby, Plot 400 has been commissioned by the client Pattonair Limited to store, distribute and package parts for the aviation industry. The building is to also allow space for ancillary processes such as ordering, accounts, HR, legal and every day processes such as welfare facilities. The 3 storey office accommodation which is located to the front elevations of the building will cater for the following processes:- Accounting (payments, orders etc.) Orders Management (staff, products) Human resources Legal responsibilities General communications and data transfer Information Technology Welfare facilities (eating, washing toilets etc.) Parking (staff and visitors) Meetings Protection of occupants from the elements (wind, rain, snow, cold and sun/heat). The warehouse is a single storey building with a 3 storey office block attached to the front elevation (North Elevation). The warehouse also includes a 3 storey mezzanine structure supported off the existing warehouse slab as shown in appendix 4 items 11, 22, 16, 24. The main functions of the warehouse space are:- Storage (mezzanine level) Production Packaging Manual handling and labelling Distribution Protection of goods from the elements (wind, rain, snow, cold and sun/heat) Protection for occupants and employees from the elements Accommodation of occupants for processes The building must therefore be designed to provide all these functions so that it will meet the clients functional requirements for them to run a business. 3.3 Building Regulations and Planning Permissions Now that the designers are aware of what functional requirements the building must provide, the design team must also ensure that the building meets with all the current legislation, these are mainly, for a building of this size and use:- The Town and Country Planning act 1990 The Building Act 1984 The Building Regulations 2000 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulation 2007 The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 The Workplace (Health and Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 These regulations apply to the building in both construction and occupation, the last 3 regulations only apply upon occupation of Plot 400. 3.4 Building Drawings Having taken photographs and inspected the building, sketches will now be produced of the building. 3.5 Loadings Buildings in England and Wales must be designed in accordance with Approved Document A of the Building Regulations 2000. This document sets out minimum standards for all types of buildings and specifies that buildings must:- be constructed so that the combined dead, imposed and wind loads are sustained and transmitted by it to the ground Safely : and Without causing such deflection or deformation of any part of the building, or such movement of the ground, as will impair the stability of any part of another building ODPM. (2004) Buildings generally are designed for primary and secondary loads. Primary loads are loads which act on a building in the first instance and can also be called principal loads, these loads are Dead loads Imposed loads Wind loads Dead loads Dead loads are loads which are applied to a structure and are generally permanent and stationary in action. The largest factor of dead loads is usually the self weight of the structural member itself for example:- Steel column Steel beam/rafter/perlin etc Pre cast floor plank/beam/stair Cladding (roof and walls) Windows Services (lights, sprinklers, HVAC) Imposed loads Imposed loads are also called live loads and these constitute loads which are movable and generally act on a structure when it is occupied. Examples of live loads are:- People Furniture Cars Computers Products (retail and storage) Animals Imposed loads can be further sub divided into imposed floor loads and imposed roof loads which are given in British Standard BS 6399 Part 1 : Code of practice for dead and imposed loads 1996. Wind loads Wind loads are as they sound, loads which are applied to a building in England and Wales due to negative and positive pressures both within and outside the building in question. Wind loads can sometimes course actions to a building which may not have been considered and this load is the largest loading failure on the majority of buildings in England and Wales. Wind loads of course vary depending on:- Geographical location Degree of exposure Building height and size/shape Time of exposure Wind direction Positive or negative pressures created SEWARD, D. (2003) Having discussed primary loads, it is also essential that secondary loads are also considered in the design of every building. Secondary loads are caused mainly by the following factors:- Temperature change within the element or surrounding elements such as walls, floors, plaster, blockwork, brickwork, finishes etc. Shrinkage of materials/members such as plaster, timber, concrete etc. Settlement of supports such as supporting columns, foundations, load bearing walls/floors and supporting beams. SEWARD, D. (2003) These loads are actions which effect the buildings supporting structure and the actions can be separated into 3 different categories. The dead loads in a building are classified as permanent actions. The imposed loadings for floors and roofs (snow loads) are classified as variable actions. The most recent action to now be included within the British Standard and approved document A of the building regulations is disproportionate collapse which is an accidental action. The recent regulation states that:- The building shall be constructed so that in the event of an accident the building will not suffer collapse to an extent disproportionate to the cause. ODPM. (2004) Within the guidance there are 3 main classes as shown in the table below:- (Table taken from Approved Document A of the Building Regulations 2004, ODPM.) Plot 400 at Derby is classified as a 2A Building as the warehouse is single storey and the offices do not exceed 4 storeys. The way in which Plot 400 has been designed to resist disproportionate collapse is via effective horizontal ties of all suspended floors to walls, mainly the first and second floor pre- cast planks to the supporting steel beams. This was achieved with welded shear studs concreted into the pre- cast units at the external perimeter. These loads are now known as accidental actions and have been introduced because of the incident that happened at the World Trade Centre, New York, America. This incident caused an outcome which was disproportionate to the accident/attack and now all buildings have to be designed to resist such failures. Ronan point may also come under this classification. Plot 400 has been designed to resist and withstand the following loads:- Dead loads from structural elements Dead loads from services Dead loads from finishes Dead loads from the external envelope Imposed loads from people (UDL) Imposed loads from products (UDL) Imposed loads from furniture (UDL) Imposed loads from computers (UDL) Imposed loads from conveyors within the warehouse (UDL) Wind loads to the Portal frame uplift Snow loads to the supporting roof structure Wind loads deflection Wind loading resistance to overturning Hydrostatic Pressure (p) against all pad foundation bases All these loads are applicable to the supporting structure of Plot 400. The supporting structure is made up of the following elements:- Pad Foundations which support columns Columns which support rafters Rafters which support the roof structure Secondary rafters which support roof and wall cladding These details can be seen in appendix 4 items 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 25, 26, 28. These elements are all designed to resist the previously mentioned loadings. The way in which this is achieved is by applying the following specification. The whole building is designed to transmit all dead, imposed, snow and hydrostatic loads safely to the ground. Dead Loads The dead loads are carried by all supporting beams, foundations and columns into the ground. Each section is sized on the amount of dead, imposed and wind load (maximum) that could be applied to the section at any one time. The section of each supporting element is governed by the following factors:- Second movement of area (I) Elastic modulus (Z) Maximum bending capacity Maximum shear capacity Maximum compression capacity Maximum torsion capacity As each of these factors is increased, the size of section also increases Live Loads The Live loads generally affect the bending movement and deflection values of beams and floors/roofs etc. Live loads are again designed against by increasing the section of material to resist the applied load. Live loads can also be considered with the inclusion of bracing and gusset plates or stiffening plates etc. These plates are some times included to reduce the live load affecting the size of section, in particular if the live load of a beam was particularly high (for example in a gymnasium or dance hall etc) the beams of that floor could be designed to resist the live load in the following manner:- Larger section depth so that x x is increased making the beam stiffer. Smaller spacings of beams to create a stiffer floor. Decrease the amount of allowable deflection, thus increasing the size of the beams possibly. Stiffening plates to the beam sections to reduce the amount of I (second movement of area). Wind Loads All buildings must be designed to resist both vertical and horizontal loads. If a building is designed to resist only vertical loads the possible deformation of the structure could take place. This can be seen in appendix 2 diagram 11 which shows a portal frame building which has only been designed to resist vertical loads. This structure has not been considered for possible horizontal loads and the failure of the elements is shown (The horizontal load could be a wind loading). (Drawing adapted from SEWARD, D . (2003) Buildings must also be designed for uplift. This is applied to a building when a prevailing wind acts directly onto the side elevation of a building. This can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 9. This diagram shows how the wind load acts into the building causing positive pressures inside the building and causing uplift. The way in which buildings are designed to resist uplift is as follows:- The buildings overall mass may be increased to provide a sufficient dead load (weight to resist any vertical uplift forces.) The buildings foundations can be oversized so that the buildings mass again is increased and the uplift force resisted. The buildings shape and size can also be designed so that the wind load does not increase and uplift can not be applied, or is reduced to a minimum. Such items as low buildings or buildings with sharp narrow elevations can reduce the amount of uplift. SEWARD, D (2003). The building may also encounter a sway case wind load. This wind load is generally created when the wind blows onto the side elevation of a portal frame building and can be seen in appendix 2 drawing 10. This diagram shows how the wind causes external pressures to the portal frame. Internal pressures are irrelevant in this condition. The way that portal frames are designed to resist wind loads from such directions can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 7 and diagram 4 (wind bracing). These diagrams show bracing within grid lines 19 20 and 1 2 (diagram 4) and bracing in bays A B (diagram 7). Bracing will also be provided in bays 1 2 and 19 20 vertically so that the roof bracing transmits all wind loads to the outer walls for which in turn, transmit the load safely to the ground. When the wind blows perpendicular to the frame as in appendix 2, diagram 10, the stability is maintained by the rigid joints of the portal frame connections at both foundation/column and rafter/column locations. In buildings where the frame is not a portal frame the design is some what different. When buildings such as houses and apartment blocks or office blocks are built, which do not have a portal frames, shear walls are provided to maintain lateral support and resistance against wind loadings. There are 5 main designs which can be provided to resist wind loads mainly:- Shear walls parallel as in diagram 12, appendix 2. Shear walls at the ends of a building shown in diagram 13, appendix 2. Diagonal Bracing at the ends of a building as shown in diagram 14, appendix 2. Central Core structure as the main support in a tall building as shown in diagram 15, appendix 2 and finally Arched structures which have an inherent lateral strength and require little additional support. This can be seen in diagram 16, appendix 2. All these options would provide support to resist wind loadings. 3.6 Structural Actions Having described which loads are being applied to Plot 400, this report will now identify the different structural actions which may be taking place within the structural elements. The main structural frame of Plot 400 consists of:- Supporting pad foundations Supporting columns Supporting first and second floor beams to the office area Supporting rafters to the roof Supporting secondary rafters to the cladding (Z perlins) The main structural actions that may be acting on the structural elements are as follows:- Tension stress Compression stress Shear stress Bending/Flexure (axial and bending) stress Torsion Deflection Tension Tension in objects is caused when a material/element is stretched outside its normal parameters. For example the rafter beams supporting the roof of Plot 400, as shown in appendix 2, diagram 6 and diagram 17 shows how the top section of the supporting rafter is in tension and the underside of the beam is in compression. Tension is a reaction force applied by the action force, in this case the self weight of the beam and roof cladding, acting on the support rafter. Compression Compression acts mainly in a single direction and small compression members are usually known as struts, larger sections are known as columns or traditionally as stanchions. When a column is under compression it can variably fail in two areas, mainly under compressive strength/crushing and buckling. SEWARD, D . (2003) The elements within Plot 400 that are under compression are the supporting columns which support the rafters and supporting main beams of the first and second floors. These columns can be seen in appendix 4 items 6, 10, 16, 17, 23, 25. The supporting mezzanine legs of the mezzanine floor are also in compression as shown in appendix 4, item 2. Shear Shear stress is a force which acts parallel or tangential to the face of the connection, material or element. The shear stress factor of a material is the ability or strength of the material to resist itself sliding (molecular structure). If the material has a high shear stress factor its molecular structure will be strong, preventing the molecules from parting easily. The items which are in shear stress in Plot 400 will be the column/rafter connections and the column/beam connections. These connections will experience shear across the connecting bolts and fixing plates. Bending Bending, also known as flexure is the force which acts perpendicular to the axis of the element. For example on a simply supported beam, the bending moment acts perpendicular against the x x axis. This bending moment then causes compression and tension on the beam as in diagram 17, appendix 2. This bending moment also causes shear parallel to the lateral loading. Plastic bending can also occur in a material, this is when the stresses exceed the materials yield strength and all supporting elements in Plot 400 will have been designed so that the yield is not exceeded and therefore plastic bending should not occur. The bending stresses applicable to the steel frame in Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 18. This diagram shows the maximum bending moments applicable to the frame of Plot 400 which has been designed as a Ridgid Portal Frame. This diagram also shows the point of contra flexure, the point at which there is no bending in the beams/rafters and columns. CHUDLEY, R, GREENO, R (2004). Torsion Torsion is the torsional moment or torque, which like a bending moment has the units of force X distance (KNM). There are two types of torsion, compatibility torsion and equilibrium torsion. Compatibility torsion is caused when a steel column or member has to twist to accommodate the deflection of another member. This happens when say 2 supporting beams have to deflect (twist) to accommodate the deflection of the centrally supported beam. Equilibrium torsion is when a load is off centre to the central axis of the supporting member, the connections of this support must be of sufficient strength otherwise the element will fail. The best way to eliminate torsion is to ensure that the supporting beam/element is placed directly under the supported load, for example placing an I beam so that the Y Y axis is central to the load. SEWARD, D . (2003) The elements within Plot 400 are not under direct torsion. The way that all supporting beams/rafters have been designed is with the I beam placed centrally under the supported loads. Deflection Deflection is the amount of movement or deflection that a structural member experiences when put under load. The amount of allowable deflection is set out in the building regulations and is set to stop alarm and panic of building users. Other reasons are to stop any damage being caused to finishes such as plaster and wall coverings etc. Deflection is also limited to stop movement and possible cracks being caused which may cause water penetrations and structure damage, for example a roof deflecting more than the allowable limit may mean that tiles become separated and allow water to penetrate into the roof space. The elements of Plot 400 will all be under deflection. The rafters supporting the roof, the beams supporting the upper floors and the columns supporting the rafters will all be subjected to deflection. The reason they do not fail, or should not fall is due to the fact that the allowable deflection will have been calculated and each section will deflect, but will not deflect outside its design limit. Shell Roofs A shell roof can be defined as a structural curved skin/material over a given plan shape. The main design of a shell roof system is:- The roof is primarily a structural skin/element which acts as a single element The basic strength of the roof is determined by the shape The amount of material used to cover a shell roof is generally less than a standard roof design. CHUDLEY, R. GREENO, R. (2004) Shell roofs can be constructed from concrete, steel and timber. The shell action of the roof gives the roof its strength and the building at Derby does not have any shell actions or a shell roof. Joints Plot 400, Ascot Drive, Derby has many joints within the structure. These joints connect columns to pad bases, columns to rafters, rafters to rafters and beams to columns. The main connections within the structure at Plot 400 are:- Welded Connections Bolted Connections (both standard and HSFG) Welded Connections Welded connections are generally created using electric are welding. The main two welds are a butt weld and a fillet weld. The connections in Plot 400 which are welded are all plates to each end of the rafters and main beams. Bolted Connections Bolted connections are provided to support a given load. There are 2 main types of bolted connections:- ordinary bolted connection This connection depends on the strength on contact between the bolt shank and the sides of the hole in the plates. This is commonly known as a dowel-pin action. HSFG High Strength Friction Grip bolted connections rely on tension between the two surfaces being bolted. This connection provides a very high strength ridged connection and is ideal for fixing elements which are subjected to a load reversal such as wind bracing. SEWARD, D. (2003) STROUD FOSTER, J, HARINGTON, R. (2000) This report will now identify the structural elements of Plot 400 which work as a:- Suspension beam Truss Arched structure The following structural elements in Plot 400 are acting as a suspension beam:- Supporting universal beams which are providing support to the pre-cast floor units at First and second floor levels. These can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 5. The following structural elements in Plot 400 are acting as a truss:- ii) The truss rafter beams which are supporting the roof element. These can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 6. The building at Derby does not contain any plate structures or shell structures. However, these items will be described on how they act. Arched Structures Arched structures are a natural shape which inherently has a good level of strength and support. The arch was utilised some 2000 years ago by the Roman Empire as large open spans could be achieved. The support reaction of an arch has a vertical as well as a horizontal component. An arch depends entirely on the ability of its supports to resist the horizontal components without excessive movement. The most common cause of arch failures is due to foundation failure. SEWARD, D. (2003). Examples of arched structures are:- the old Roman aqueducts the Gothic Arch buildings Bridges Portal frame buildings (Plot 400) The common portal frame building today consists mainly of a 3 or 2 pin structure. The building at Derby consists of a 3 pin structure, the central rafters are pinned and both columns are pinned at foundation base level. This type of arch is statically determinate and fairly simple to analyse. Examples for the bending moments applicable to Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 18. The portal frame/arched structure has 3 maximum load cases that must be applied mainly:- maximum vertical load maximum sway maximum uplift (overturning) Once all these cases have been designed into the portal frame, the structure will be sufficient to accommodate all wind, dead, live/imposed and overturning loads. The building at Derby does not contain any shell structure this has already been considered in the previous section. The last remaining item is a plate structure. This is a structure which acts together as a single element in a horizontal plane. The building at Derby does not contain any plat structures; the closest item within the building which may constitute a plate structure is the composite, hollow rib deck floor system. This is a system which comprises of a concrete, in-situ floor which is reinforced to give lateral strength, this composite deck is then connected to the supporting main beams and in some cases positively connected to resist any disproportionate collapse risk. Structural Stability The building at Derby has been designed as a simple portal frame structure which has to provide many functions as detailed in section 3.2 of this report. This section will now discuss how the building has been designed to resist any overturning. The building at derby, Plot 400 has 2 cases of overturning. The fist case of overturning is due to wind loads, these wind loads cause large negative and positive pressures within and outside the building envelope causing an uplift force as on a wing of an aeroplane. The second area of overturning that must be designed into the building is into the Foundation bases which

Siddhartha and Narcissus and Goldmund Comparative Essay -- essays rese

Siddhartha and Narcissus and Goldmund Comparative Essay Hermann Hesse was a man that lived from 1877 and 1962 and faced a life of struggle as he coped with the effects of war. During this period of time the theme of finding yourself was quite popular and experiences affect his works. Hesse wrote both Narcissus And Goldmund and Siddhartha, two books that are about men who are searching for who they are. The novels themselves have various ideas in common, even small details, but are two different pieces of work. The protagonists in both these books are out on a quest to find themselves, who they are and what they are doing. Both Siddhartha and Goldmund start off strictly bound to their fate but drift to other ideas, like Siddhartha going from Brahmin status to that of an ascetic and Goldmund from being in cloister life to a wayfarer. Although the two were both in respectable positions in their own societies, an internal conflict drove them in another direction. Goldmund had been forced to work and become a holy man but not because he willed it, it was because of his father pressuring him. The same thing with Siddhartha and he also went against his fathers wishes to become an ascetic. Both were now on the road less people would rather not travel, but the were on a mission to resolve this conflict. They would go from place to place as they pleased. There is both pain and sorrow in the two journeys of these wanderers, as both of them seem to keep leaving the people they get clos...

SUblime Songs :: essays research papers

40 oz. to Freedom '89 Vision 100 Wieght of Collie Weed =5446 (That's My Number) Adult Books Ain't No Prophet =All You Need Babylon Stone =Badfish Ball & Chain The Ballad of Johnny Butt =Big Salty Tears =Boss D.J. Brand New Day =Burritos =Caress Me Down Chica Mi Tipo Chick On My Tip =Cisco Kid Crazy Fools D.J.'s Daccau Cabana The Dance Can't Go On (Without the D.J.) =Date Rape Dr. Woo Doin' Time Doin' Time (Acapella) Doin' Time (Bradley Version) Doin' Time (Eerie Splendor Remix) Doin' Time (Instrumental) Doin' Time (Marshall Arts Remix) Doin' Time (Pharcyde Acapella Remix) =Doin' Time (Snoop Dogg Remix) Doin' Time (Uptown Dub) Doin' Time (Wyclef Instrumental Remix) =Doin' Time (Wyclef Remix) Don't Push Don't Push (Original) Don't Push (Robbin' Remix) Drunk Drivin' Dub Medly II (From Sinsemilla '86 - '96) Ebin Eireen Eye of Fatima =Falling Idols Fighting Blindly Foreman Freestyle =Free Loop Dub Freestyle (From Sinsemilla '86 - '96) =Freeway Time in L.A. County Jail =Garden Grove Get Ready =Get Out! =Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Extended Ground Zero Guava Jelly Had a DAT Hope =I Don't Care Too Much For Reggae Dub I Don't Pay Attention I Love My Dog It's Who You Know Jailhouse Judge Not KRS-One Legal Dub =Let's Go Get Stoned =Lincoln Highway Dub Little District =Live at E's Loser Lou Dog Went to the Moon Make a Decision ('89 Vision New Version) =Mary Minor Threat =New Realization =New Song New Thrash One Cup of Coffee Paddle Out Pass Me the Lazerbeam =Pawn Shop Pay to Cum Perfect World =Pool Shark =Q-Ball =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. I =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. II =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. III Redemption Song Right Back =Rivers of Babylon Romantic Girl =Romeo Roots of Creation =S.T.P. (Secret Tweeker Pad) =Same in the End Same in the End (Extra Take) =Santeria =Saw Red =Saw Red (Acoustic) Saw Red Bandelero Scarlet Begonias Seed Slow Ride =Smoke Two Joints

Characteristics of a close relationship

Characteristics of a close relationship PSYCH/220 – Positive Psychology: What's Right with me August 17, 2014 It is safe to say as I move along and our population grows we meet new and interesting people every day. Whether we encounter people on the subway, buses, or elevators we form a bond with people even if all we have in common is taking the same train or bus at the same time every day.These situations build comfort and security, the more and more we see each other eventually It would become a dally outing and a friendship or acquaintance can be formed. As stated In chapter 1 1, an intimate relationship does not mean it Is physical or has the potential to become physical; an intimate relationship is structured by six components, an intimate relationship Is formed by Knowledge, Trust, Caring, Interdependence, Mutuality, and commitment. A perfect example for me of this relationship is the one I share with my father.I am 26 years old now and I have been married since I was 2 0 and I have two beautiful boys, and everything I set a new goal and challenge and I accomplish It I hank my dad because I feel he made me the man I am today. Growing up I was a bit difficult and to be quite honest I did not have much of a relationship with my dad, I was always well defended by my mom and I usually always stuck with her. My father was born on Dominican Republic, so his way of living and ways of being where different from what I seen here with my friends and even on Television.Since he had his way and I felt his way was a bad one we never seen eye to eye and we were choices in life, I noticed his happiness, then I started to realize that my father Just anted the best for all his kids, Just that his methods for expressing himself and actions where outdated. I turned over a new leaf with my dad, I consider my father my superhero, my mentor and best friend especially when I had kids of my own. I realized as a father everything my father did for me and my sibling to path the way for us to succeed.An intimate relationship relies on Knowledge, The knowledge of mutual understanding based on self-disclosure which consists on revealing personal details f one's self to another. My father and I have reached, when I am in need of advice or help he speaks from experience, tells me if he had ever experienced a particular situation and how he responded to it. Aside from knowledge we must have Trust, in this case is the security that no harm will be done. I trust my father to give me advice and criticism which will better myself and with my best interest at heart.Now as a father I would assume that possessing the characteristics of caring should be unsaid cause it is a father son relationship, however in reaching a new level of appreciation for my dad I have realized that I not only care for my dad as my father but as a person, as another human being. I care for him because he cares for me and my children; he continues to be a great father and even better gran dfather. These are Just a few of the many characteristics that my intimate relationship with my father consists of. Every day I am grateful to have established this level communication, comfort, and trust with one another.

Class Classifications

The following essay is based on the movie Elysium which conveys a futuristic view of humanity's evolution whereby Earth's wealthiest fled the planet to preserve their way of life leaving the financially unstable and the sickly behind. Social inequality In the film Elysium Is constructed by depicting a dyspepsia society (Elysium 2013) This can be evidenced through the Imagery, architecture, agricultural landscape, language, Ideas, values and norms portrayed In the movie (Giddiness, A 2009). Social Inequality In the film Elysium is constructed by depicting a dyspepsia society.Elysium explores sociological themes such as class issues, poverty, immigration, over population, healthcare and exploitation, social inequality, mobility. Social inequality is depicted on earth whereby its citizens were classified as a minority group and were limited to their social status and class stratification (Elysium 2013). First we consider material inequality which was evident in the movie due to disparit ies of income, property and wealth. Secondly, inequality associated with employment and the labor market and thirdly, inequality arising from the lack of healthcare resources and education yester.Social mobility Is the movement of an Individual or a group in a social position to upper or lower classes In the means of health status, literacy and better standard of living through migration to Elysium as asylum seekers to escape their socio- economic level as refugees (Dodd, J. J 2010). Attributes such as age, gender, race or ethnicity further distinguish people in terms of class and status in context of femininity and hegemonic masculinity, depicting the dominant social position of men and women in Elysium and on earth on how gender in terms of employment are resent on earth as well.Most importantly how all these pieces of popular culture is reflective to the current Australian society in their similarities and disparities. Social mobility is essential to the plot of the movie as most of the citizens on earth aspire to a higher social class for a better standard of living (Dodd,J. J 2010). Social inequality is constructed in the film In the film by depicting a dyspepsia society. This Is evidenced through the Imagery of earth, the architecture of buildings In ruins, landscape, language, Ideas and norms.The infrastructure on earth Is dilapidated, not maintained and cared for, the environment Is a barren wasteland with high levels of pollution from industrial outlets. Earth was mainly used for the manufacturing of droid's where the lead character was employed for assembling them. Droid's were utilized to police and keep order on the vastly populated earth. Lack of educational facilities on Earth affected children who became â€Å"dreamers† for a better world with an inevitable future of despair (Elysium 2013). The work force on these druid factories wowed the disparities of status in the employment hierarchy.John Carlyle the CEO of Marlene, had a separate of fice whereas the employees and supervisors were on the floor. The CEO only Intervened when there was adherence in production. The character portrayed emotional detachment to the employees treating them as If they were mere objects. (Western, M & Baxter, J 2007). In Elysium, the environment had a very sterile and futuristic look, well planned and Idyllic to the citizens. Everything on earth Is In despair and decline, the rich on the other hand have every resource available to them in their paradise in space.The landscape is beautifully maintained, two worlds is evident and the introduction of the movie constructs this accurately for the viewer's portraying the severe inequality in the social class stratification. On Elysium the privileged strive to preserve their prestige lifestyle whilst on Earth the citizens are left to fend for themselves to struggle amongst overpopulation, poverty, low healthcare standards. (Garage, B 2002). Australia is an egalitarian society, however social ine quality exists to quite a large extend.There are numerous inequalities present in the Australian society which has a propensity to divide the community into different groupings (Heinlein, J, Passim, A & Passim-linseed, A 2014). According to (Garage, B 2002) Mar's approach has been extremely useful in understanding inequality in Australia today. However, the revised approach from Erik Olin Wright argues that importance of education in the twentieth century led to groups arising whose economic roles were determined by educational qualification and expertise rather than work done with hands (Garage, B 2002). Inequality inAustralia is largely dependent on differentiation of social classes. The working class represents the largest class in the workforce and the capitalist class the smallest portion of the workforce. (Heinlein, J, Passim, A & Passim-linseed, A 2014). In (Dodd, J. J. 2010) the possibility of upward social mobility is strengthened through belief in one's own life and these ideas are re-in forced through movies and the American culture. Social mobility can be understood as the â€Å"movement of individuals and groups between different class positions as a result of changes in occupation, lath or income†. Giddiness, Dunedin, & Applesauce, 2007). Material inequality of the labor force and poor work management led to the main character Matt Damon being lethally exposed to radiation. He was given a bottle of pills but no proper medical care. Matt Damson's character was exploited by the capitalist class for capital gain and once he was no longer able to contribute to the workforce he became a liability and let go. As a result of, the main character had no choice but to go through intergenerational mobility, a change in class position.Social interaction is drastically sacking on earth, there is no face to face interaction. The robots act as authority figures and do not react in relation with the citizens. They follow standards of conduct and behave ac cordingly, showing no emotions which are key elements of social interaction (Furze, B, Saw, P, Bryn, R & Lie, J 2008). The belief of a possible upward social mobility is are reinforced in the movie and in the modern Australian society. Upward social mobility is central to the plot and the outcome of the story in Elysium.According to Marx, class is defined as where a person stands in regards to reduction (Capital Industry) whereby the democratic society of Elysium act as the â€Å"bourgeoisie† who own the means of production and dictate to the residents on earth who are the â€Å"proletariat's† and perform labor intensive and manual tasks. Both the bourgeoisie and proletariat's had opposing interests leading to hostility and conflict. In Elysium the opposing interests between the capitalist and working class led to hostility and conflict.The working class became impoverished and disadvantaged which led to a revolution for upward social mobility to improve their circumst ances Garage, B 2002). Another very key issue that was portrayed in the movie was the concept of ethnicity, looking at Australia which has a complicated history where Just under a quarter of its population are first generation migrants. It is a multi-cultural cultures of people residing together which made them feel a sense of belonging towards one another based on cultural similarities like language spoken, religion, food and lifestyle patterns.On Elysium the residents were indifferent, all vastly wealthy and are almost white compared to earth. They built hierarchies and lassie people into categories mostly on the basis of class and status. Since they were wealthy they believed they were far more superior and smarter to the lower class thus forcing them to seek refuge on earth to perish or survive the atrocious conditions on earth. Popup,J 2002) States that Australia is an immigrant society. Continual immigration has attributed to the affluent society that we have present today.Ass imilation due to the increasing number of immigrants in the Australian Society meant disappearance of many characteristics which differentiated individuals room each other. Popup, J 2002). Since Earth being a manufacturing and industrialized society, the idea of masculinity was interpreted and men were usually bread winners as hard labor was required. Femininity was constructed as the women on Earth were utilized in domestic duties and offered health care services to the sick and injured (School, S, Buskin,J & Long, J 2002.On Elysium feminism in regards to gender plays a pivotal role where Jodie Foster who plays the role of Secretary of Defense shows no tolerance to refugee/ asylum seekers and orders execution even before they reach Elysium (School, S, Buskin,J & Long, J 2002). However, the CEO and the president are male in gender which portrays patriarchy depicting a male dominance hierarchy in governance (Bolton, T, Bonnet, K, Jones, P, Lawson, T, Skinner, D & Stonewort, M 2002).T he citizens on earth who strives to migrate into Elysium were a minority group which was further distinguished into small groups, in context with ‘mechanical solidarity Druthers stated that † what holds these small groups together is a ‘shared collective† where there is not much differences in the beliefs of the society once they expanded (Day, G 2006). It was the sameness of status that the citizens had which made them work together as a unit through understanding each other's values and norms (Day, G 2006). Staying on earth was not out of free will.It was taken away from the lower class thus they were treated like slaves. Women were perceived as a minority group in context with class stratification whereby they did not have equal privileges in the society. It is understandable that social inequality does exist in the current Australian society however, the lower classes have the opportunity to halogen the set social order and improve their class status thro ugh upward social mobility. Education plays a significant factor as the well learnt can strive for high income earning positions that will contribute to their personal and capital wealth.In Australia, education is available to people of all classes and there is no barrier to it. Thus, the opportunities and privileges previously available to the higher social class can now be attained by an individual from a lower class allowing them to be socially mobile and to better their lifestyle. Class and ethnicity play a significant role in the rent Australian society as it distinguishes individuals. Individuals in the same social class may not experience the same status as modern societies are more complex and can be stratified in several ways.

The advantages and disadvantages of the country’s

Before the dawn of civilization, man has traveled far for places unknown to him. Initially the traveling was only done with a purpose of food and shelter, but as time passed by and as we became more and more developed, the need to go to a place without any motive, without any intention started eloping in our minds. This motive free traveling came under the name of â€Å"tourism†.New Zealand is a country that is famous for its breath taking views and is quiet a hotspot for tourists, who want to come to a place which has all in store for people of all ages and backgrounds. Slowly but surely, New Zealand has developed a place for itself in the world’s top destination places, and people from almost everywhere in the world flock to this country to experience its natural beauty and resources. The tourism in New Zealand is bringing in good inflow of foreign exchange to the country and is very helpful to the economy.Even though the main economy of the country is through agricul ture and industrial inputs, tourism has craved a niche in the country, so much that it is estimated that the country’s 10% population is working for the hospitality sector. Increase in tourism, is developing the place more and more, and there can be seen a substantial rise of hotels in the country. International franchises of hotels are keen in opening up more and more of their hotels in the country to suffice the tourist onslaught of the country. The major advantage of New Zealand’s tourism is to the country’s financial background itself, and the major advantages of it can be assessed by the following:‘Tourism is important for New Zealand’s future economic growth. It contributes $18.6 billion to the economy each year — 9% of New Zealand’s gross domestic product. It is also an important source of employment. One in every10 New Zealanders works in the tourism industry. Tourism is our largest export sector. International visitors contrib ute $8.3 billion to the economy each year, which accounts for 19.2% of export earnings. During 2006, 2.4 million international visitors arrived in New Zealand’Tourism no doubt is very advantageous for New Zealand, as apart from pumping in money, is reviving the pride and refurnishing small town of the country, as now they have become major tourist hotspots. Tourism also is making the government revamp places that include parks and museums, and in one way local heritage is being preserved and well maintained because of tourism.The major disadvantage that can be considered is because of this high amount of tourism is that the hotels that are coming up every year, are causing damage to the flora of the country. The country in order to suffice high expectations is experiencing rapid changes in climate due to global warming. Also the high expectations are taking its toll on the labor market, and the hospitality industry is currently facing labor shortage and skilled manpower short age at the moment.Migrating people from just for the sake of hospitality sector might sound beneficial, but then New Zealand which is currently out of migration woes, might start suffering too, like other western countries. Also to motivate high amount of tourism is to relax visa procedure for entering the country, which is the biggest disadvantage as it is open invitation for people trying to become illegal immigrants and even maybe to terrorism. The country has it advantages and disadvantages for hospitality, but one thing that is for sure is the country will always thrive on tourism.Reference:https://apps.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200503/146119096.pdf

Girl by Jamaica Kincaid

The short story â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid is a story of the belief that happiness steams from a life of domesticity. The central topics of gender roles in a family structure, and the expression of female sexuality and will be examined. A look into the mother’s beliefs on the necessity of serving your husband and remaining sexually conservative will be the focus. Secondly, the importance of food and clothes in the story will be looked at, providing evidence to the central claim of being content with this lifestyle. Lastly, the relationship between the mother and daughter will be discussed, reflecting on if the views of the mother will ultimately make the decisions for the daughter, as to the path she will follow in her own life. The portrayal of gender roles in this story shows the husband as the breadwinner and the wife staying home to tend to the house and children. This could be considered traditional, however we would consider it outdated in western society today. This story has the mother, teaching her daughter her place in Antiguan society, most likely in the fifties, and in a marriage. This is demonstrated though the teaching of everyday tasks she will need to know to run a household smoothly. It is also clear that the mother’s life reflects these ideals that a husband should be the one working and the wife is to be happy and content by taking pride in her home. The mother also has very strong views on behavior and throughout the story gives many warnings on this such as â€Å"on Sundays try and walk like a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming†. This is a very clear statement giving us an idea of the mother’s values with female sexuality as well as a reflection on the values at that time. She wants her daughter to find a husband and she believes kept pure, and with the knowledge of how to run a successful household, she will be a prize for any man. Abstinence sounds great in theory, but this is not always the case for young women. In this time, expectations are to be wed and then have sex. As much as the mother would like to keep her daughter from having sex, from warning her, and teaching her things like letting then hem of her dress down to be longer, she does realize this may not happen. It is interesting how she feels it necessary to teach her how to get rid of a baby. This reference to abortion at this time shows how crucial the need to keep up appearances at any cost can be, even if it is illegal or against moral and religious beliefs. Food and clothes play an important role in many of the mother’s teachings. The mother shows the daughter how to cook pumpkin fritters, bread pudding, pepper pot and doukona. Some of these dishes are traditional Antiguan which shows the importance of tradition and doing things the way they always have been done. The mother also teachers her how to set tables specifically for different meals. This shows how in the household, eating together is an important part of her ideal home and family. The role of bread in this story is crucial. At the end, he mother teaches her how to squeeze the bread to tell if it is fresh. The daughter, replies â€Å"but what if the baker wont let me feel the bread? † The mother frustrated after all of her lessons is upset that her daughter has not gotten the point that if you do all of these things, you will not have to worry about it because the baker will respect you. The role of the clothes is quite similar to that of food. She teaches her daughter to keep things clean, how to separate the colors from the darks and lights, as well as when to wash each. This particular example shows how much importance the mother places on routine. She also mentions the pressing of her husband’s khaki pants, showing that the way he presents himself can be a reflection of her. Hemming dresses and skirts was looked at with relation to female sexuality earlier, but it also is an example of how much importance is placed on appearances. The relationship between the mother and daughter in this story is important to recognize because the mother seems to hold preconceived notions about what daughter will or will not become. Following most instructions her mother provides, the mother concludes the set with some mention of her daughter being bent on becoming a slut. It seems like she uses this word to encompass any from of deviance from the social norm. It’s questionable as to why her mother has such a strong fear that her daughter will become his—we do not have any specific examples identifying any reason for her to think such things of her own child. Therefore, we lack the ability to argue for or against such a point. However, this might be a difference in generation, perhaps the girl’s mother is stuck in the ways to which she was taught by women in her family before hand. Perhaps her mother has a fear that her daughter is going astray from her values or living a modernized life that she is so unfa miliar with. We tend to fear what is unfamiliar, especially when it happens so close to home. Parents always want to teach their children what they know, however, children don’t always choose to follow. Whether the daughter chooses to listen and follow, or listen and lead her own life, it is clear that her mother has had a significant impact on the daughters life. The importance of domesticity to the mother, and having her daughter display a conservative sexuality ties back to the behaviours related to food and cloth in this story. The mother places this vital importance on household knowledge and respectable appearances, believing they are the key to overall happiness. This is clearly not the case. For some people this type of life could bring them a sense of fulfillment or accomplishment. However, for others, this may not feel like a life of their own and could live always feeling empty or wanting something more. People should be given the choice to do what they want. Unfortunately in this time, women did not get that luxury.